Futurism was declared before it was made. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti published his manifesto on the front page of Le Figaro in February 1909, announcing that a racing car was more beautiful than the Winged Victory of Samothrace and that the movement would glorify speed, machinery, youth and violence. The painters arrived a year later: Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo and Gino Severini signed their own manifesto and set out to paint not objects but their motion. Balla painted a dachshund with twenty legs and a leash drawn as a blur; Boccioni sculpted a striding figure whose body was the wake it left in the air.
The graphic language came from the printed word. Marinetti's parole in liberta, words in freedom, blew up the page: type at every size, set on diagonals, onomatopoeia standing in for artillery, no syntax and no lines. Zang Tumb Tumb, from 1914, is a battle rendered as typography. Fortunato Depero carried the method into advertising and objects, designing for Campari and binding his 1927 monograph with two industrial bolts. The visual kit is consistent across all of it: force lines, repeated and offset edges, sharp facets, the diagonal as the line of energy, and a palette of engine colours, orange, steel blue and black, with chrome white and a shot of electric yellow.
The movement's history is inseparable from its politics. Marinetti was a founder of the Fascist movement and Futurism became, for a time, something close to an official style. Many of its painters died in the war it had celebrated. The graphic method outlived all of that and turned up, stripped of its manifesto, in Art Deco streamlining, in Soviet and Dutch typography, in motorsport livery and in every motion identity that makes a still frame imply velocity. What transfers is the mechanics of speed on a surface. What does not transfer, and should not, is the manifesto.